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沃希托(Washita)战场国家历史遗址
地方性遗产
您听过沃希托之战(Battle
of Washita)？
您可以在奥克拉荷马的沃希托战场国家历史遗址(Washita
Battlefield National Historic Site)得知更多详细资料；这个重要的遗址可以帮助我们记住发生在大平原上的印地安人及美国军队之间的暴力冲突。
大平原涵盖范围宽广，北起加拿大南部边界，南至新墨西哥及德州边界，东起密苏里河，西达洛矶山脉；来自此地区的平原印第安人包括了夏安族(Cheyenne)、阿拉帕荷人(Arapaho)及凯欧瓦族(Kiowa)，美国军队与这些部落作战以取得大平原的控制权。
在内战之前及过后的许多年，美国政府试着将印地安人移往印地安地区(Indian
Territory：现在的奥克拉荷马)。有些平原印地安人同意迁居保留区，但其他人则不愿意，如：夏安族人、凯欧瓦族人及卡曼其族人(Comanche)。他们仍继续生活在这片草原上并在印地安地区外的常规土地上进行狩猎工作。内战之后，殖民者想要移居此地，攻击因此开始。
1868
年11月27日清晨，出乎夏安族领袖黑壶酋长(Black
Kettle)的预期，陆军上尉乔治库斯特(George
Custer)对一座位于沃希托河谷(Washita
Valley)内，尚在沉睡的夏安族村落发动攻击，许多平原印第安人被捕或死于此次战役中。此时住在黑壶村中的年少酋长喜鹊(Magpie)射杀了一名士兵并夺下他骑乘的马，然后飞奔脱身。他幸存了下来并于1876年着名的小大角战役(Battle
of Little Bighorn)中再战库斯特。
Have you ever heard of the Battle of Washita?
You can learn about this famous battle at the Washita Battlefield National Historic Site in Oklahoma. This site is important because it helps us remember the violent conflict between Indians of the Great Plains and the United States Army.
The Great Plains include the land from the Canadian border south to the New Mexico and Texas borders, and from the Missouri River west to the Rocky Mountains. The Indian tribes from this area -- the Plains Indians -- include the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa. The Army fought these tribes because they wanted to gain control over the Great Plains.
For many years before and after the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to move Indians to an Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Some Plains Indians agreed to move to reservations but others, like the Cheyennes, Kiowas, and Comanches, did not. Instead, they continued to live and hunt on traditional lands outside the Indian Territory. After the Civil War, settlers wanted to move into this land, so they attacked.
At dawn on November 27, 1868, Lieutenant Colonel George Custer attacked a sleeping Cheyenne village in the Washita Valley, surprising the Cheyenne's leader, Chief Black Kettle. Many Plains Indians were captured or killed during this battle. Chief Magpie, a teenager at the time who lived in Black Kettle's village, shot a soldier and took his horse, then rode off to safety. He lived to fight Custer again at the famous Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
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