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罗杰的一张地图：1869年时爱荷华州克雷顿郡古登堡的鸟瞰图
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制作全景地图 (Panoramic Map) 的艺术家阿尔柏特 ．罗杰 (Albert Ruger) 去世了：1899年11月12日
全景地图也被称之为「鸟瞰图」，因为地图上的城镇都是从斜上方的角度绘制而成的，就好像一只鸟儿飞过城镇时，在半里之处看着城镇一般。全景地图制作者并不担心他们的地图没有确实的尺度，相反的，他们注重的是街道的形式、个别建筑物，以及主要地形地物的特质标示。这张爱荷华州古登堡 (Guttenberg) 的全景图就是一个很好的示范。
罗杰和另一个伙伴在1860年代后期设立了「商务平版印刷公司」 (Merchants
Lithographing Company) ，负责制作这些受欢迎的地图。虽然现在的空中摄影以及沿着轨道环绕地球的卫星科技使得罗杰的全景图有点落伍，但是他的全景图却能让我们一窥美国城镇过去的模样。
Panoramic maps were also called "bird's-eye-view maps" because towns and cities were drawn as if viewed from above at a slanted angle, much like a bird might see from a half mile away as it flew by the town. Panoramic cartographers didn't worry so much about the exact scale of their drawings; they concentrated instead on illustrating street patterns, individual buildings, and major landscape features in perspective. This map of Guttenberg, Iowa, is a good example.
Ruger formed Merchants Lithographing Company with a partner in the late 1860s, producing many of these popular maps. Aerial photographs and earth-orbiting satellite mapping techniques of today have made Ruger's panoramic map-making techniques somewhat outdated, but his panoramic maps can give us a glimpse into the past of America's towns and cities.
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